Chicago residential lease 2023: Navigating the complexities of renting in the Windy City. This comprehensive guide unpacks the legal landscape, ensuring both landlords and tenants understand their rights and responsibilities. From outlining crucial lease agreement components to detailing security deposit procedures and eviction protocols, this resource provides a thorough understanding of the current regulations. Get ready to make informed decisions about your Chicago rental experience.
This in-depth exploration covers everything from common lease terms to recent legal updates, empowering you with the knowledge to confidently navigate the rental market. We’ll analyze the specifics of landlord and tenant responsibilities, lease termination procedures, and common disputes. Discover the intricacies of month-to-month vs. fixed-term leases and gain clarity on critical clauses within a lease agreement.
Overview of Chicago Residential Leases 2023
Navigating the world of Chicago rentals can feel like a dance, with both landlords and tenants needing to understand the rules of the floor. This overview provides a glimpse into the key legal and regulatory frameworks, common lease terms, and the responsibilities of both parties in a Chicago residential lease agreement.Chicago’s residential lease landscape is shaped by state and local laws, creating a specific framework for landlords and tenants.
This framework aims to ensure fairness and protect the rights of both parties, creating a smoother and more predictable experience for everyone involved.
Key Legal and Regulatory Frameworks
Chicago’s residential lease agreements are governed by a blend of state and local laws, including the Illinois Residential Landlord and Tenant Act. This comprehensive legislation sets out the rules for things like eviction procedures, security deposits, and maintenance responsibilities. Understanding these regulations is crucial for both landlords and tenants to ensure their rights are protected and that the agreement is compliant with the law.
Common Terms and Clauses in Standard Chicago Residential Leases
Lease agreements typically include provisions outlining the term of the lease, payment schedule, and responsibilities of each party. Specific clauses address topics such as security deposits, pet policies, maintenance requests, and late fees. Understanding these clauses is vital for both parties to avoid potential disputes. A well-crafted lease protects both the landlord’s property rights and the tenant’s right to peaceful enjoyment of the premises.
Examples of common clauses include those relating to: rent increases, late payments, damages, and termination of the agreement.
Landlord’s Responsibilities
Landlords have a duty to provide a safe and habitable dwelling. This includes ensuring essential services like water, heat, and working plumbing. Regular maintenance is a key responsibility, as well as adhering to local building codes and ordinances.
Tenant’s Responsibilities
Tenants are responsible for paying rent on time, keeping the premises clean and safe, and adhering to the terms Artikeld in the lease agreement. Respecting the property, avoiding any damage, and notifying the landlord of necessary repairs are also important responsibilities.
Month-to-Month vs. Fixed-Term Leases
| Characteristic | Month-to-Month Lease | Fixed-Term Lease |
|---|---|---|
| Term | Renewed automatically, with a 30-day notice period | Specific start and end dates |
| Flexibility | Higher flexibility for both parties to end the agreement | Less flexibility, requiring mutual agreement or specific reasons for early termination |
| Rent Adjustments | Rent adjustments typically need a 30-day notice. | Rent adjustments can be included in the initial agreement. |
| Termination | Notice required for termination by either party | Specific termination clause or agreement needed for early termination |
| Stability | Less stability for both parties, as the lease can be terminated with proper notice | More stability for both parties as there is a clear lease term. |
A fixed-term lease provides a sense of stability, while a month-to-month lease offers more flexibility. Both lease types have their advantages and disadvantages, and the choice depends on the individual circumstances of the landlord and tenant.
Lease Agreement Components: Chicago Residential Lease 2023
Navigating the world of renting in Chicago requires a keen understanding of the lease agreement. This crucial document Artikels the terms and conditions of your tenancy, protecting both you and your landlord. A well-crafted lease ensures a smooth and predictable rental experience, while a poorly drafted one can lead to unforeseen complications.A thorough understanding of lease agreement components is essential for a successful tenancy.
This knowledge empowers tenants to make informed decisions and landlords to manage their properties effectively. A clear, concise, and legally sound agreement avoids disputes and misunderstandings, ensuring both parties are on the same page.
Essential Lease Elements
A legally sound Chicago residential lease includes several essential elements. These components form the bedrock of the agreement, defining the rights and responsibilities of both landlord and tenant. Missing or ambiguous terms can create legal gray areas and potential disputes.
- Identification of Parties: The lease must clearly identify both the landlord and tenant, including their full legal names and addresses. This prevents confusion and ensures the agreement is binding on the correct individuals.
- Property Description: A precise description of the property is vital. This should include the address, unit number (if applicable), and any specific features of the property, such as parking or included amenities.
- Lease Term: The lease must specify the start and end dates of the tenancy. This clarity prevents ambiguities about when the lease begins and ends. Knowing the term allows both parties to plan accordingly.
- Rent Amount and Due Date: The lease should clearly state the agreed-upon monthly rent amount and the due date. This prevents any disagreements about payment amounts and timing.
- Payment Method: This specifies how rent will be paid, e.g., by mail, online, or in person. This is crucial for efficient payment processing.
Rent, Late Fees, and Security Deposits
Rent, late fees, and security deposits are crucial components of a lease agreement. These clauses define how rent is paid, the consequences of late payments, and how security deposits are handled.
- Rent: The lease should Artikel the monthly rent amount, due date, and acceptable payment methods. Clearly define any late payment penalties, including the late fee amount and the timeframe for penalties to apply. Example: “Rent is due on the first day of each month. A late fee of $25 will be assessed for any payment received after the 5th of the month.”
- Late Fees: A well-defined late fee policy is essential. The policy should specify the amount of the fee, the timeframe within which a late payment incurs a fee, and any additional consequences for repeated late payments. A reasonable late fee policy ensures prompt payments and reduces potential disputes.
- Security Deposits: The lease should clearly Artikel how security deposits will be handled, including the amount, how and when it will be returned, and the circumstances under which the landlord may use the deposit. Example: “A security deposit of $1,000 is required to secure the property. The deposit will be returned within 30 days of the lease’s termination, provided the unit is returned in the same condition as received, normal wear and tear excepted.”
Lease Termination
Lease termination clauses Artikel the conditions under which either party can terminate the agreement. These clauses are crucial for both landlords and tenants, providing clarity on the process for ending the lease.
- Notice Requirements: Clearly state the notice period required by both parties to terminate the lease. A 30-day notice period is common. Example: “Either party must provide a 30-day written notice to the other party to terminate the lease agreement.”
- Reasons for Termination: Specify the circumstances under which a lease can be terminated, such as breach of contract, violation of the terms, or other legitimate reasons.
Landlord and Tenant Responsibilities
The responsibilities of landlords and tenants regarding maintenance and repairs are often delineated in the lease agreement.
| Aspect | Landlord Responsibility | Tenant Responsibility |
|---|---|---|
| Routine Maintenance | Maintaining common areas, such as hallways and lobbies. | Maintaining the cleanliness and order of the unit they occupy. |
| Major Repairs | Making necessary repairs to structural components or major appliances. | Reporting any necessary repairs promptly. |
| Plumbing and Electrical Issues | Addressing plumbing and electrical issues affecting the entire building. | Reporting issues with individual plumbing fixtures or electrical outlets within the unit. |
Rights and Obligations of Landlords and Tenants
Navigating the world of Chicago rentals can feel like a delicate dance. Understanding the rights and responsibilities of both landlords and tenants is crucial for a harmonious and successful lease agreement. This section will Artikel the essential aspects, ensuring a clear and fair understanding for everyone involved.Landlords in Chicago are legally obligated to maintain their properties in a habitable condition.
This includes addressing necessary repairs promptly and ensuring the safety and well-being of tenants. Conversely, tenants have responsibilities, from timely rent payments to respecting the property’s condition. This guide will dissect these obligations and responsibilities, highlighting potential violations and the recourse available to both parties.
Landlord Responsibilities Regarding Property Condition
Landlords in Chicago have a legal duty to maintain rental properties in a safe and habitable condition. This responsibility extends to promptly addressing necessary repairs, including plumbing, electrical, and structural issues. Failure to do so can lead to serious consequences. For instance, a leaking roof that isn’t fixed could cause significant damage to the tenant’s belongings, requiring costly repairs.
Similarly, malfunctioning appliances or faulty heating systems can significantly impact the tenant’s comfort and well-being. Landlords must respond to tenant requests for repairs within a reasonable timeframe, typically 24 to 48 hours. Ignoring these requests could be considered a violation of the lease agreement.
Tenant Rights and Responsibilities
Tenants in Chicago have the right to live in a safe and habitable environment. This includes receiving prompt responses to repair requests. Crucially, tenants are responsible for maintaining the property in a reasonable state of repair, excluding normal wear and tear. Rent payments are a cornerstone of the lease agreement, usually due on a specific date each month.
Late payments can result in penalties as Artikeld in the lease. Furthermore, tenants are obligated to comply with all terms and conditions Artikeld in the lease agreement, such as restrictions on pets or guests. Respecting the property and its surroundings is paramount.
Common Lease Agreement Violations by Landlords and Tenants
Unfortunately, violations of lease agreements by both landlords and tenants occur. Landlords might fail to address necessary repairs promptly or attempt to raise rent without proper notice. Tenants, on the other hand, might not pay rent on time, damage the property beyond normal wear and tear, or violate quiet enjoyment provisions. These violations can lead to legal disputes.
For example, a landlord’s failure to repair a faulty heating system in winter could be considered a significant violation.
Legal Recourse Options for Landlords and Tenants
This table Artikels potential legal recourse options for both landlords and tenants in case of lease violations.
| Violation | Landlord’s Recourse | Tenant’s Recourse |
|---|---|---|
| Failure to pay rent | Eviction proceedings | Filing a complaint with the Chicago Department of Housing |
| Property damage beyond normal wear and tear | Seeking compensation for repairs | Seeking compensation for damages |
| Failure to make necessary repairs | Court order for repairs | Filing a complaint with the Chicago Department of Housing |
| Illegal eviction | Civil lawsuit for damages | Filing a complaint with the Chicago Department of Housing |
| Unlawful discrimination | Civil lawsuit | Filing a complaint with the Chicago Department of Housing |
Security Deposits and Rent
Navigating security deposits and rent payments can feel like navigating a maze, but fear not! This section clarifies the rules, ensuring a smooth landlord-tenant relationship. Understanding these aspects is key to a positive experience for everyone involved.
Security Deposit Rules in Chicago, Chicago residential lease 2023
Chicago law sets clear guidelines for security deposits, protecting tenants’ rights. These deposits act as a safety net for landlords, covering potential damages or unpaid rent. The amount of the deposit is usually a month’s rent or less, determined by the lease agreement. Importantly, landlords must provide a detailed list of any deductions, outlining the reason and amount, within a specific timeframe.
Handling and Return of Security Deposits
A crucial aspect is the return process. Landlords are obligated to return the deposit, minus legitimate deductions, within a prescribed timeframe after the lease ends. The process involves a detailed accounting of the deductions and a return of any remaining funds. This ensures transparency and fairness, safeguarding the tenant’s financial interests. The tenant should always request a detailed accounting and retain a copy of the returned check for record-keeping.
Calculating and Applying Late Fees
Late rent payments can lead to penalties. Chicago lease agreements often Artikel specific late fees, typically calculated as a percentage of the outstanding rent or a fixed amount. These fees are clearly defined in the lease document. The exact amount is usually tied to the lease agreement. For example, a $50 late fee for a $1,500 rent payment would be considered reasonable.
Rent Payment and Acceptance Procedures
Understanding how rent is paid and accepted is vital. Standard procedures often involve mail, online portals, or in-person payments. The lease agreement should specify the acceptable payment methods. Always maintain a record of payment dates and amounts, as this documentation can be crucial if any disputes arise.
Allowable Deductions from Security Deposits
| Deduction Category | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Unpaid Rent | The full amount of rent owed. | If a tenant owes $500 in rent, the full amount can be deducted. |
| Damages beyond Normal Wear and Tear | Repairs for damages exceeding regular use. | Repairing a broken window or repainting a damaged wall. |
| Cleaning Costs | Cleaning beyond standard lease-end requirements. | Deep cleaning if the unit is significantly dirtier than the initial state. |
| Pest Control | Costs for pest control if the tenant caused or didn’t control pest infestations. | Pest control costs related to a rodent infestation stemming from the tenant’s actions. |
| Replacing Lost Keys | Costs associated with replacing lost or damaged keys. | The cost to replace lost keys or keycards if the tenant is responsible for their loss. |
Important Note: Landlords must provide detailed documentation justifying each deduction from the security deposit.
Lease Termination and Eviction Procedures
Navigating lease terminations and evictions can be tricky, but understanding the legal processes in Chicago can help tenants and landlords alike. Knowing your rights and responsibilities is crucial for a smooth and respectful transition. This section delves into the specific procedures involved, highlighting key considerations for both parties.Chicago’s lease termination and eviction procedures are governed by state and local laws.
These regulations ensure a fair process for both landlords and tenants, aiming to protect the rights of all involved. Familiarity with these rules can prevent misunderstandings and ensure a peaceful resolution when a lease needs to end.
Legal Procedures for Terminating a Lease Agreement
Lease termination procedures in Chicago are legally defined. A lease agreement, a legally binding contract, Artikels the terms of the rental agreement, including the duration, payment schedule, and specific circumstances for termination. A well-drafted lease agreement is key to avoiding disputes.
Circumstances Under Which a Landlord Can Legally Evict a Tenant
Landlords in Chicago have specific legal grounds to initiate eviction proceedings. Failure to pay rent, violation of lease terms, or engaging in illegal activities are common reasons. Important note: Landlords must follow proper legal procedures when initiating an eviction, and they cannot evict tenants without just cause.
Steps Involved in the Eviction Process
The eviction process involves several steps, each with specific timeframes and requirements. First, a landlord must provide a proper notice to the tenant, detailing the reason for eviction and the required actions. The tenant then has a specific period to respond. Subsequently, if the issue isn’t resolved, the landlord can pursue legal action in court. The court will hear both sides of the case and determine the outcome.
Examples of Clauses Addressing Lease Termination Due to Breach of Contract
Lease agreements often include clauses addressing lease termination due to breach of contract. For example, a clause might specify that failure to pay rent for a certain period constitutes a breach, allowing the landlord to initiate eviction proceedings. Another example might Artikel the procedures for handling damage to the property beyond normal wear and tear. These clauses provide clarity and a structured approach to addressing potential breaches.
Table Comparing and Contrasting Reasons for Lease Termination
| Reason for Lease Termination | Landlord’s Rights | Tenant’s Rights | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-payment of rent | Initiate eviction proceedings after providing proper notice. | Opportunity to rectify the situation within the stipulated timeframe. | Failure to meet rent obligations. |
| Violation of lease terms | Evict for violation, such as unauthorized pets or excessive noise. | Opportunity to address the violation and prevent eviction. | Failure to adhere to the agreed-upon terms. |
| Damage to property beyond normal wear and tear | Evict if damage significantly impacts the property. | Opportunity to address the damage and prevent eviction. | Unreasonable damage to the rental unit. |
| Illegal activities on the premises | Evict for illegal activities such as drug use. | Limited rights if illegal activities are present. | Activities that violate local laws. |
Common Lease Issues and Disputes
Navigating the complexities of a Chicago residential lease can sometimes feel like navigating a maze. Understanding potential pitfalls and how to address them is key to a smooth and positive experience for both landlords and tenants. This section will highlight common disputes, offer practical advice, and empower you to handle them effectively.Lease agreements, while designed to protect both parties, can sometimes be misinterpreted or lead to misunderstandings.
This often arises from unclear language, differing expectations, or simply a lack of communication. This section will delve into these scenarios, offering clear examples and practical solutions to help prevent and resolve disagreements.
Common Disputes Arising from Chicago Residential Leases
Lease agreements, while crucial documents, can sometimes be a source of contention. Understanding potential disagreements and how to address them is essential for a positive landlord-tenant relationship. Disputes often stem from differing interpretations of the lease terms, miscommunication, or unforeseen circumstances. Common issues include maintenance, repairs, and lease violations.
Common Misunderstandings and Disputes Between Landlords and Tenants
Misunderstandings frequently stem from differing interpretations of the lease agreement. A landlord might believe a tenant has violated the lease, while the tenant may argue their actions were not in violation. These disputes can arise from seemingly minor issues, like noise complaints, to more significant ones, such as late rent payments. Effective communication and a willingness to find common ground are crucial for resolving these disputes.
Examples of Potential Issues Related to Maintenance, Repairs, and Lease Violations
Maintaining a harmonious relationship hinges on clear communication and adherence to the lease terms. Examples of issues include:
- Maintenance and Repairs: A tenant reports a leaky faucet, but the landlord delays repairs, potentially causing further damage. The lease agreement specifies the landlord’s responsibility for routine maintenance. Delayed or insufficient repairs can lead to disputes and a potentially strained relationship.
- Lease Violations: A tenant hosts a large party, violating the lease’s noise restrictions. The landlord might issue a warning, leading to a discussion about the specifics of the lease agreement and the appropriate course of action.
- Late Rent Payments: A tenant experiences an unforeseen financial hardship, leading to a late rent payment. The lease Artikels the consequences of late payments. A conversation between the tenant and landlord, exploring the circumstances and potential solutions, can often resolve the issue.
Detailing Steps to Resolve Disputes Amicably
Disputes, when handled constructively, can be resolved amicably. The first step is to maintain a calm and professional demeanor, and to focus on finding solutions that satisfy both parties.
- Open Communication: Engage in open and honest communication with the landlord or tenant, clearly stating your position and listening to their perspective.
- Documentation: Keep detailed records of all communications, repair requests, and any relevant correspondence. This is crucial for future reference.
- Mediation: Consider mediation as a neutral third-party approach to help resolve disagreements. This can be particularly helpful in cases where communication breaks down.
Table of Common Lease Violations and Corresponding Remedies
A clear understanding of lease violations and potential remedies is essential.
| Lease Violation | Potential Remedies |
|---|---|
| Late Rent Payments | Negotiated payment plan, potential late fees, or termination of lease (as per agreement). |
| Damage to Property | Repair costs, potential security deposit deduction (as per agreement), or legal action. |
| Illegal Activity | Lease termination, legal action, or police involvement (depending on the nature of the activity). |
| Noise Violations | Verbal warning, written warning, potential lease termination (as per agreement). |
| Unauthorized Guests | Verbal warning, written warning, potential lease termination (as per agreement). |
Recent Legal Updates and Trends
Navigating the Chicago rental market requires staying informed about the ever-evolving legal landscape. Recent changes to lease laws and emerging trends impact both landlords and tenants, necessitating a keen understanding for all parties involved. This section provides a summary of key updates since 2022, highlighting changes in lease laws and analyzing their effects.Understanding these changes empowers both landlords and tenants to make informed decisions, fostering a more transparent and equitable rental experience.
The Chicago rental market, like any dynamic environment, is constantly adapting, and awareness of these changes is crucial for success.
Changes in Lease Laws Since 2022
Recent years have seen several updates to Chicago residential lease laws, reflecting shifts in the city’s approach to tenant rights and landlord responsibilities. These adjustments strive to balance the needs of both parties, ensuring fairness and stability in the rental market.
| Year | Specific Change | Impact on Landlords | Impact on Tenants |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | Increased restrictions on late fees, particularly for tenants facing financial hardship. | Landlords must be more mindful of tenant circumstances when assessing late fees. Arbitrary or excessive fees might be challenged in court. | Tenants facing financial difficulties now have a stronger legal footing to challenge excessive late fees. |
| 2023 | Clarification on the landlord’s duty to make necessary repairs within a reasonable timeframe. | Landlords need to be more proactive in addressing repairs and ensure a prompt response to tenant requests. | Tenants are better equipped to hold landlords accountable for timely repairs, reducing the risk of delays or neglect. |
| 2022 | Revisions to the process for handling security deposits, emphasizing clearer guidelines for their return. | Landlords need to meticulously document the condition of the property and any damage incurred during the tenancy, supporting the claim for deduction from the deposit. | Tenants have clearer expectations regarding the return of their security deposit and the reasons for any deductions. They have increased transparency. |
Emerging Trends in the Chicago Rental Market
The Chicago rental market is evolving, driven by economic shifts and changing tenant preferences. These trends are influencing lease agreements and tenant-landlord relationships.
- Increased demand for pet-friendly units. This reflects a growing acceptance of pets in urban living, driving up demand for such properties.
- Growing interest in co-living spaces. The rise of shared living spaces reflects a desire for social interaction and community within rental environments.
- Greater emphasis on energy efficiency in rental properties. The need for sustainable living is reflected in the market, leading to demand for properties that prioritize energy conservation.
Analysis of Impacts on Landlords and Tenants
Changes in lease laws and market trends directly impact both landlords and tenants. Understanding these impacts is crucial for both parties to navigate the rental market successfully.
- Landlords face heightened scrutiny over their responsibilities, requiring them to be more aware of their legal obligations regarding repairs, late fees, and security deposit procedures.
- Tenants benefit from stronger legal protections, enabling them to address concerns and seek redress for issues more effectively.
Recent Court Decisions Affecting Chicago Residential Leases
Recent court cases have shaped the interpretation and application of Chicago residential lease laws.
- A recent court ruling clarified the landlord’s obligation to provide reasonable accommodations for tenants with disabilities. This ruling emphasizes the importance of landlords adapting to the needs of their tenants.
- A case focused on the validity of lease clauses that impose excessive late fees resulted in a precedent that challenges such clauses, prompting landlords to carefully review and potentially modify their lease terms.
Sample Lease Agreements
Navigating the world of Chicago rentals can feel like navigating a maze, but with the right tools, it’s a breeze. This section provides clear and concise samples of one-year and month-to-month lease agreements, highlighting essential clauses and best practices. Understanding these templates will empower you to make informed decisions and protect your interests.
One-Year Lease Agreement Sample
This sample showcases a one-year lease agreement, outlining the key terms and conditions for both the landlord and tenant. A well-drafted lease agreement sets the stage for a smooth and mutually beneficial tenancy.
Lease Agreement
Between: [Landlord Name(s)] and [Tenant Name(s)]
Date: October 26, 2023
Property Address: 123 Main Street, Chicago, IL 60654
Term: October 26, 2023 to October 25, 2024
Rent: $2,500 per month, due on the first of each month.
Security Deposit: $2,500
Late Fee Policy: A late fee of 5% of the monthly rent will be assessed for any rent payment received more than 5 days after the due date. Further late fees may apply in accordance with local laws.
Utilities: Tenant is responsible for all utilities except for [Specify Utilities].
Maintenance and Repairs: Landlord is responsible for major repairs, while tenant is responsible for routine maintenance (e.g., replacing light bulbs).
Pet Policy: No pets allowed.
Other Important Clauses: [List any additional clauses, such as subletting, parking, or alterations to the property].
Signatures:
_________________________ _________________________
Landlord Signature Tenant Signature
Month-to-Month Lease Agreement Sample
A month-to-month lease agreement provides flexibility, but it’s crucial to have clear terms to avoid misunderstandings.
Lease Agreement
Between: [Landlord Name(s)] and [Tenant Name(s)]
Date: October 26, 2023
Property Address: 456 Oak Avenue, Chicago, IL 60660
Rent: $1,800 per month, due on the first of each month.
Security Deposit: $1,800
Notice Period: 30 days’ written notice is required for either party to terminate the agreement.
Other Important Clauses: [List any additional clauses, such as pet policies, parking, or maintenance responsibilities].
Signatures:
_________________________ _________________________
Landlord Signature Tenant Signature
Essential Clauses for Both Lease Types
A strong lease agreement includes specific clauses to protect both parties. These clauses are crucial for a smooth and legally sound tenancy.
- Parties involved: Clearly identifies the landlord and tenant.
- Property Description: Accurate address and detailed description of the property.
- Lease Term: Specifies the duration of the lease (e.g., one year, month-to-month).
- Rent Amount and Due Dates: Specifies the monthly rent and payment schedule.
- Security Deposit Details: States the amount and conditions for its return.
- Late Payment Policy: Artikels the consequences of late rent payments.
- Utilities: Specifies who is responsible for paying utilities.
- Maintenance and Repairs: Establishes responsibility for repairs and maintenance.
- Pet Policy: Clearly states the rules regarding pets.
- Lease Termination Procedures: Details how the lease can be terminated by either party.
- Governing Law: Specifies the jurisdiction and applicable laws.
- Signatures: Requires signatures from both parties.
Best Practices for Lease Drafting
Following best practices ensures a comprehensive and legally sound lease agreement. Thorough preparation is key to a stress-free tenancy.
- Legal Counsel: Consult with an attorney to ensure compliance with Chicago rental laws.
- Clarity and Precision: Use clear and concise language to avoid ambiguities.
- Thorough Review: Carefully review the agreement before signing.
- Local Regulations: Ensure the lease complies with all local ordinances.
- Complete Documentation: Maintain copies of all lease-related documents.
